The main guide for this research can be found at A Guide to Spiritual Gifts

Friday, January 18, 2008

Bible Passages on Spiritual Gifts

Scholars generally agree on which passages refer to what we call spiritual gifts, but there are some minor disputes. The passages do not always have clear starting points. This is especially true in Romans 12 and Ephesians 4. The summary of isolated verses below is also pretty standard, though a few would add or subtract from it. Given this fairly conservative listing, we have 116 New Testament verses that cover the topic of spiritual gifts, making it one of the major doctrines of scripture.

The three major passages


Romans 12:3-8
I Corinthians Chapters 12-14
Ephesians 4:1-16


One minor passage

I Peter 4:9-11


Individual verses

I Corinthians 1:7
I Timothy 4:14
II Timothy 1:6


Other possible references

Exodus 31:3
Psalm 68:18
Romans 1:11
I Corinthians 7:7


***The following scripture quotations taken from the NASB***

Romans 12:3-8

3) For through the grace given to me I say to everyone among you not to think more highly of himself than he ought to think; but to think so as to have sound judgment, as God has allotted to each a measure of faith.
4) For just as we have many members in one body and all the members do not have the same function,
5) so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another.
6) Since we have gifts that differ according to the grace given to us, {each of us is to exercise them accordingly:} if prophecy, according to the proportion of his faith;
7) if service, in his serving; or he who teaches, in his teaching;
8) or he who exhorts, in his exhortation; he who gives, with liberality; he who leads, with diligence; he who shows mercy, with cheerfulness.


I Corinthians 12-14

Chapter 12

1) Now concerning spiritual {gifts,} brethren, I do not want you to be unaware.
2) You know that when you were pagans, {you were} led astray to the mute idols, however you were led.
3) Therefore I make known to you that no one speaking by the Spirit of God says, "Jesus is accursed"; and no one can say, "Jesus is Lord," except by the Holy Spirit.
4) Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit.
5) And there are varieties of ministries, and the same Lord.
6) There are varieties of effects, but the same God who works all things in all {persons.}
7) But to each one is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good.
8) For to one is given the word of wisdom through the Spirit, and to another the word of knowledge according to the same Spirit;
9) to another faith by the same Spirit, and to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit,
10) and to another the effecting of miracles, and to another prophecy, and to another the distinguishing of spirits, to another {various} kinds of tongues, and to another the interpretation of tongues.
11) But one and the same Spirit works all these things, distributing to each one individually just as He wills.
12) For even as the body is one and {yet} has many members, and all the members of the body, though they are many, are one body, so also is Christ.
13) For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body, whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free, and we were all made to drink of one Spirit.
14) For the body is not one member, but many.
15) If the foot says, "Because I am not a hand, I am not {a part} of the body," it is not for this reason any the less {a part} of the body.
16) And if the ear says, "Because I am not an eye, I am not {a part} of the body," it is not for this reason any the less {a part} of the body.
17) If the whole body were an eye, where would the hearing be? If the whole were hearing, where would the sense of smell be?
18) But now God has placed the members, each one of them, in the body, just as He desired.
19) If they were all one member, where would the body be?
20) But now there are many members, but one body.
21) And the eye cannot say to the hand, "I have no need of you"; or again the head to the feet, "I have no need of you."
22) On the contrary, it is much truer that the members of the body which seem to be weaker are necessary;
23) and those {members} of the body which we deem less honorable, on these we bestow more abundant honor, and our less presentable members become much more presentable,
24) whereas our more presentable members have no need {of it.} But God has {so} composed the body, giving more abundant honor to that {member} which lacked,
25) so that there may be no division in the body, but {that} the members may have the same care for one another.
26) And if one member suffers, all the members suffer with it; if {one} member is honored, all the members rejoice with it.
27) Now you are Christ's body, and individually members of it.
28) And God has appointed in the church, first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, administrations, {various} kinds of tongues.
29) All are not apostles, are they? All are not prophets, are they? All are not teachers, are they? All are not {workers of} miracles, are they?
30) All do not have gifts of healings, do they? All do not speak with tongues, do they? All do not interpret, do they?
31) But earnestly desire the greater gifts. And I show you a still more excellent way.

Chapter 13

1) If I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but do not have love, I have become a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.
2) If I have {the gift of} prophecy, and know all mysteries and all knowledge; and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but do not have love, I am nothing.
3) And if I give all my possessions to feed {the poor,} and if I surrender my body to be burned, but do not have love, it profits me nothing.
4) Love is patient, love is kind {and} is not jealous; love does not brag {and} is not arrogant,
5) does not act unbecomingly; it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong {suffered,}
6) does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth;
7) bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.
8) Love never fails; but if {there are gifts of} prophecy, they will be done away; if {there are} tongues, they will cease; if {there is} knowledge, it will be done away.
9) For we know in part and we prophesy in part;
10) but when the perfect comes, the partial will be done away.
11) When I was a child, I used to speak like a child, think like a child, reason like a child; when I became a man, I did away with childish things.
12) For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face; now I know in part, but then I will know fully just as I also have been fully known.
13) But now faith, hope, love, abide these three; but the greatest of these is love.

Chapter 14

1) Pursue love, yet desire earnestly spiritual {gifts,} but especially that you may prophesy.
2) For one who speaks in a tongue does not speak to men but to God; for no one understands, but in {his} spirit he speaks mysteries.
3) But one who prophesies speaks to men for edification and exhortation and consolation.
4) One who speaks in a tongue edifies himself; but one who prophesies edifies the church.
5) Now I wish that you all spoke in tongues, but {even} more that you would prophesy; and greater is one who prophesies than one who speaks in tongues, unless he interprets, so that the church may receive edifying.
6) But now, brethren, if I come to you speaking in tongues, what will I profit you unless I speak to you either by way of revelation or of knowledge or of prophecy or of teaching?
7) Yet {even} lifeless things, either flute or harp, in producing a sound, if they do not produce a distinction in the tones, how will it be known what is played on the flute or on the harp?
8) For if the bugle produces an indistinct sound, who will prepare himself for battle?
9) So also you, unless you utter by the tongue speech that is clear, how will it be known what is spoken? For you will be speaking into the air.
10) There are, perhaps, a great many kinds of languages in the world, and no {kind} is without meaning.
11) If then I do not know the meaning of the language, I will be to the one who speaks a barbarian, and the one who speaks will be a barbarian to me.
12) So also you, since you are zealous of spiritual {gifts,} seek to abound for the edification of the church.
13) Therefore let one who speaks in a tongue pray that he may interpret.
14) For if I pray in a tongue, my spirit prays, but my mind is unfruitful.
15) What is {the outcome} then? I will pray with the spirit and I will pray with the mind also; I will sing with the spirit and I will sing with the mind also.
16) Otherwise if you bless in the spirit {only,} how will the one who fills the place of the ungifted say the "Amen" at your giving of thanks, since he does not know what you are saying?
17) For you are giving thanks well enough, but the other person is not edified.
18) I thank God, I speak in tongues more than you all;
19) however, in the church I desire to speak five words with my mind so that I may instruct others also, rather than ten thousand words in a tongue.
20) Brethren, do not be children in your thinking; yet in evil be infants, but in your thinking be mature.
21) In the Law it is written, "BY MEN OF STRANGE TONGUES AND BY THE LIPS OF STRANGERS I WILL SPEAK TO THIS PEOPLE, AND EVEN SO THEY WILL NOT LISTEN TO ME," says the Lord.
22) So then tongues are for a sign, not to those who believe but to unbelievers; but prophecy {is for a sign,} not to unbelievers but to those who believe.
23) Therefore if the whole church assembles together and all speak in tongues, and ungifted men or unbelievers enter, will they not say that you are mad?
24) But if all prophesy, and an unbeliever or an ungifted man enters, he is convicted by all, he is called to account by all;
25) the secrets of his heart are disclosed; and so he will fall on his face and worship God, declaring that God is certainly among you.
26) What is {the outcome} then, brethren? When you assemble, each one has a psalm, has a teaching, has a revelation, has a tongue, has an interpretation. Let all things be done for edification.
27) If anyone speaks in a tongue, {it should be} by two or at the most three, and {each} in turn, and one must interpret;
28) but if there is no interpreter, he must keep silent in the church; and let him speak to himself and to God.
29) Let two or three prophets speak, and let the others pass judgment.
30) But if a revelation is made to another who is seated, the first one must keep silent.
31) For you can all prophesy one by one, so that all may learn and all may be exhorted;
32) and the spirits of prophets are subject to prophets;
33) for God is not {a God} of confusion but of peace, as in all the churches of the saints.
34) The women are to keep silent in the churches; for they are not permitted to speak, but are to subject themselves, just as the Law also says.
35) If they desire to learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home; for it is improper for a woman to speak in church.
36) Was it from you that the word of God {first} went forth? Or has it come to you only?
37) If anyone thinks he is a prophet or spiritual, let him recognize that the things which I write to you are the Lord's commandment.
38) But if anyone does not recognize {this,} he is not recognized.
39) Therefore, my brethren, desire earnestly to prophesy, and do not forbid to speak in tongues.
40) But all things must be done properly and in an orderly manner.


Ephesians 4:1-16

1) Therefore I, the prisoner of the Lord, implore you to walk in a manner worthy of the calling with which you have been called,
2) with all humility and gentleness, with patience, showing tolerance for one another in love,
3) being diligent to preserve the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace.
4) {There is} one body and one Spirit, just as also you were called in one hope of your calling;
5) one Lord, one faith, one baptism,
6) one God and Father of all who is over all and through all and in all.
7) But to each one of us grace was given according to the measure of Christ's gift.
8) Therefore it says, "WHEN HE ASCENDED ON HIGH, HE LED CAPTIVE A HOST OF CAPTIVES, AND HE GAVE GIFTS TO MEN."
9) (Now this {expression,} "He ascended," what does it mean except that He also had descended into the lower parts of the earth?
10) He who descended is Himself also He who ascended far above all the heavens, so that He might fill all things.)
11) And He gave some {as} apostles, and some {as} prophets, and some {as} evangelists, and some {as} pastors and teachers,
12) for the equipping of the saints for the work of service, to the building up of the body of Christ;
13) until we all attain to the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to a mature man, to the measure of the stature which belongs to the fullness of Christ.
14) As a result, we are no longer to be children, tossed here and there by waves and carried about by every wind of doctrine, by the trickery of men, by craftiness in deceitful scheming;
15) but speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in all {aspects} into Him who is the head, {even} Christ,
16) from whom the whole body, being fitted and held together by what every joint supplies, according to the proper working of each individual part, causes the growth of the body for the building up of itself in love.


I Peter 4:9-11

9) Be hospitable to one another without complaint.
10) As each one has received a {special} gift, employ it in serving one another as good stewards of the manifold grace of God.
11) Whoever speaks, {is to do so} as one who is speaking the utterances of God; whoever serves {is to do} {so} as one who is serving by the strength which God supplies; so that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom belongs the glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.


I Corinthians 1:7

7) so that you are not lacking in any gift, awaiting eagerly the revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ


I Timothy 4:14

14) Do not neglect the spiritual gift within you, which was bestowed on you through prophetic utterance with the laying on of hands by the presbytery.


II Timothy 1:6

6) For this reason I remind you to kindle afresh the gift of God which is in you through the laying on of my hands.


Exodus 31:3

3) I have filled him with the Spirit of God in wisdom, in understanding, in knowledge, and in all {kinds of} craftsmanship,


Psalm 68:18

18) You have ascended on high, You have led captive {Your} captives; You have received gifts among men, Even {among} the rebellious also, that the LORD God may dwell {there.}


Romans 1:11

11) For I long to see you so that I may impart some spiritual gift to you, that you may be established


I Corinthians 7:7

7) Yet I wish that all men were even as I myself am. However, each man has his own gift from God, one in this manner, and another in that.

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Spiritual Gift Assessments - Part 3

This third look at gift assessments addresses two common complaints. The first is that someone may demand a position in the church based on the results of their spiritual gifts inventory, which could be a problem if they don't actually have the gift, or if they haven't developed the maturity to use it in an organized ministry. The second is that people will see their assessment results and solidify in their mind that their service and gift should always coincide, i.e. "I don't need to fold chairs because I don't have the gift of serving or helping."

Both of these complaints are probably true to the degree that spiritual gifts are misunderstood, but they are not arguments against gift assessments per se, they are arguments against their misuse. I suspect that some very basic teachings about the proper use of spiritual gifts would alleviate most of these problems, and Peter Wagner actually addressed both of these back in his 1979 book Your Spiritual Gifts Can Help Your Church Grow.

He believes the problem of avoiding responsibilities can be curtailed by teaching that clarifies gifts and roles (responsibilities). We all have the duty to give, show mercy, and evangelize, even if our own gifting covers none of these areas. We could make a case for avoiding long term ministry positions in these areas based on our gifts, but not for avoiding the responsibilities altogether.

"Self deception" is the term Wagner uses for the other problem, that of someone demanding a position based on a gift they don't have. He responds that it would be difficult to remain "deceived" if believers are open and honest about sharing their perceptions of each others gifts. If no one else sees a gift of wisdom in me, then I probably don't have the gift of wisdom.

Now if, on the other hand, it could be shown that these two mistakes could not be readily avoided, and that believers will consistently misuse the principles involved, then perhaps spiritual gift assessments should not be used. I say this in principle, but I personally don't like arguments that would avoid the attempt to determine the truth because people might foolishly misuse the results (a sentiment I find to be elitist, because the person making the judgment presumably understands, it's just "those people" who can't be made to understand). In summary, these mistakes cannot be completely avoided, but solid, balanced teaching regarding spiritual gifts should make gift assessments more edifying than not.

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Latter Day Saints (Mormom) View of Spiritual Gifts

The LDS writings on spiritual gifts fall very close to what might be called an orthodox Protestant position, although one that is very liberal in what might qualify as a spiritual gift.


Official Church Documents


The Book of Mormon

The starting point for LDS doctrine is the Book of Mormon. In this case the information on spiritual gifts is easy to find. It is in Moroni 10, which is the last chapter in the last book of the Book of Mormon. If you have a copy, just turn to the last page to find the following verses. You can also find them in context from the LDS website: Moroni 10:7-19. This passage is mostly a rewording of part of I Corinthians 12 with a few twists. The same nine gifts are here in the same order. I have them highlighted in red so that you can see the changes. For example, "discerning of spirits" in I Corinthians becomes "beholding of angels and ministering spirits" in Moroni.


7) And ye may know that he is, by the power of the Holy Ghost; wherefore I would exhort you that ye deny not the power of God; for he worketh by power, according to the faith of the children of men, the same today and tomorrow, and forever.
8) And again, I exhort you, my brethren, that ye deny not the gifts of God, for they are many; and they come from the same God. And there are different ways that these gifts are administered; but it is the same God who worketh all in all; and they are given by the manifestations of the Spirit of God unto men, to profit them.
9) For behold, to one is given by the Spirit of God, that he may teach the word of wisdom;
10) And to another, that he may teach the word of knowledge by the same Spirit;
11) And to another, exceedingly great faith; and to another, the gifts of healing by the same Spirit;
12) And again, to another, that he may work mighty miracles;
13) And again, to another, that he may prophesy concerning all things;
14) And again, to another, the beholding of angels and ministering spirits;
15) And again, to another, all kinds of tongues;
16) And again, to another, the interpretation of languages and of divers kinds of tongues.
17) And all these gifts come by the Spirit of Christ; and they come unto every man severally, according as he will.
18) And I would exhort you, my beloved brethren, that ye remember that every good gift cometh of Christ.
19) And I would exhort you, my beloved brethren, that ye remember that he is the same yesterday, today, and forever, and that all these gifts of which I have spoken, which are spiritual, never will be done away, even as long as the world shall stand, only according to the unbelief of the children of men.


Other verses from the book of Mormon that mention spiritual gifts include,

Alma 9:21 Having been visited by the Spirit of God; having conversed with angels, and having been spoken unto by the voice of the Lord; and having the spirit of prophecy, and the spirit of revelation, and also many gifts, the gift of speaking with tongues, and the gift of preaching, and the gift of the Holy Ghost, and the gift of translation;

3 Nephi 29:6 Yea, wo unto him that shall deny the revelations of the Lord, and that shall say the Lord no longer worketh by revelation, or by prophecy, or by gifts, or by tongues, or by healings, or by the power of the Holy Ghost!

Mormon 9:7 And again I speak unto you who deny the revelations of God, and say that they are done away, that there are no revelations, nor prophecies, nor gifts, nor healing, nor speaking with tongues, and the interpretation of tongues;


Doctrine and Covenants

There is a 24 verse passage from the Doctrine and Covenants D&C 46:10-33 that is very similar to the section from Moroni 10. One noticable difference here is that the gifts of faith and healing have been combined into the two gifts of "the faith to heal" and "the faith to be healed."

D&C 107:92 appears to say that the President of the Church has all of the gifts.


Church Manuals

Lesson 34: Spiritual Gifts,” Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood: Basic Manual for Priesthood Holders, Part B, 281

Lesson 15: “Seek Ye Earnestly the Best Gifts”, Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual, 81

Chapter 22: "The Gifts of the Spirit,” Gospel Principles, 141

Lesson 3: "Gifts of the Spirit,” The Latter-day Saint Woman: Basic Manual for Women, Part B, 18



Articles

This article on The Spiritual Gift of Being Quick to Observe By Elder David A. Bednar, Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, appears to find a new gift in Mormon 1:2. There is also a discussion here of the gift of discernment.

Gifts of the Spirit
By Elder Robert D. Hales, Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

“I Have a Question: How does one acquire specific spiritual gifts?”
By Arthur R. Bassett, professor of humanities, Brigham Young University Ensign, Mar 1994, 52–54.

There are Many Gifts
By Elder Marvin J. Ashton, Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

Spiritual Gifts
By By Elder Dallin H. Oaks, Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

How to Receive Spiritual Gifts
By Lane Johnson, Assistant Editor, Ensign, Dec 1975, 46–47

Gifts of the Spirit
Elder James A. Cullimore, Assistant to the Council of the Twelve


Other quotations:

Elder Bruce R. McConkie taught: “Spiritual gifts are endless in number and infinite in variety. Those listed in the revealed word are simply illustrations” (A New Witness for the Articles of Faith, 371).

Elder Marvin J. Ashton of the Quorum of the Twelve said some “less-conspicuous gifts” include “the gift of asking; the gift of listening; the gift of hearing and using a still, small voice; … the gift of avoiding contention; the gift of being agreeable; … the gift of seeking that which is righteous; the gift of not passing judgment; the gift of looking to God for guidance; the gift of being a disciple; the gift of caring for others; the gift of being able to ponder; the gift of offering prayer; the gift of bearing a mighty testimony; and the gift of receiving the Holy Ghost” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1987, 23; or Ensign, Nov. 1987, 20).



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Thursday, January 10, 2008

Other uses of the term "spiritual gifts" in literature

The term "spiritual gifts" has a variety of meanings in the popular literature besides the standard gifts of the Body of Christ. I am mainly focused here on books where the terms "spiritual gifts" or "gifts of the Spirit" appear in the title. The practical point is to help others avoid waisting time or money needlessly. There are four main "other" categories in which the terms appear.


1.Catholic

Life With the Holy Ghost: Thoughts on the Gifts of the Holy Ghost by Rev. Hugh Francis Blunt, LL.D. (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1943) is about the seven gifts of Isaiah 11: 2-3 (wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, fear of the Lord). Blunt is aware of the New Testament spiritual gifts which he calls "other gifts of the Holy Ghost" on page 49. "They were called the charismata...but which today are generally dispensed with. These were gifts, or favors, or signs, for the good of others..." The gifts of Isaiah, on the other hand, Blunt calls "the real Gifts, the Gifts par excellence, since they are given in order to perfect man in following the inspirations of the Spirit."


2.Protestant

The Gifts of the Holy Spirit by C.R. Vaughan (1894) is not about the charismatic gifts, but more generic gifts from the Holy Spirit such as the Sealing of the Spirit, the Unction of the Spirit, and the Witness of the Spirit. It is unlikely that this usage will be found again in the Protestant publishing world given the nearly ubiquitous understanding of "gifts of the Spirit" as the charismatic gifts of the Body of Christ.


3.Spiritualist / Theosophy

"Spiritual gifts" was a term used commonly in the late 19th century for psychic and paranormal abilities. This usage is also somewhat common on the internet today.

The Nature of Spiritual Existence, and Spiritual Gifts, Given through the Mediumship of Mrs. Cora L.V. Richmond by Cora L.V. Richmond and G.H. Hawes (1884)

Chart of Spiritual Gifts and Mediumistic Capabilities by Thomas Timson (1894)


4.Gifts of a generic spiritual nature

The term can also be used in a non-religious sense of pertaining to the spirit of man, or just the deeper parts of our nature.

The Spiritual Gifts of a Painful Childhood by Wayne Muller is about the spiritual depth and meaning that can come from painful events in childhood.

The Spiritual Gifts of Travel: The Best of Travelers' Tales by James and Sean O'Reilly is about the spiritual benefits of leaving home.



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Monday, October 15, 2007

Modern Works: 1970-1979

Due to the volume of books starting in the 1970s, I have excluded works that are obviously and exclusively about tongues, prophecy, the charismatic movement, and other strictly charismatic topics. The focus for the following list is on works concerning the discovery, use, or understanding of the gifts in general.

The publication of Ray Stedman’s Body Life in 1972 is considered a watershed event among non-charismatics. It sparked a new interest in the ministry of all believers and within two years was followed by a flood of new books on spiritual gifts.

1970
Baillie, Leonard A. "An Exegesis of Significant New Testament Passages Concerning Temporary Spiritual Gifts." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1970.

1970
Clark, Stephen B. Baptized in the Spirit : And, Spiritual Gifts. Pecos, N. Mex.
Ann Arbor, Mich.: Dove Publications.
Servant Books, 1970.

1970
Sanders, J. Oswald. The Holy Spirit and His Gifts. Revised and enlarged ed, Contemporary Evangelical Perspectives. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970.

1971
O'Connor, Elizabeth. Eighth Day of Creation : Discovering Your Gifts and Using Them. Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1971.

1971
Grossmann, Siegfried. Charisma : The Gifts of the Spirit. Wheaton, Ill. Key Publishers,, 1971.

1972
Stedman, Ray. Body Life. Grand Rapids: Discovery House, 1972.

1972
Currah, Galen Jay. The New Testament Spiritual Gifts Defined and Described, 1972. microform /.

1972
Goldingay, John. The Church and the Gifts of the Spirit : A Practical Exposition of 1 Corinthians 12-14, Grove Booklet on Ministry and Worship. ; No. 7. Bramcote, Notts: Grove Books, 1972.

1973
Bittlinger, Arnold. Gifts and Ministries. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1973.

1973
Bridge, Donald, and David Phypers. Spiritual Gifts and the Church. 1st ed, Ivp Pocketbook. London: Inter-Varsity Press, 1973.

1973
Criswell, W. A. The Baptism, Filling & Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Pub. House, 1973.

1974
Crawford, David. Baptised with the Holy Spirit and Spiritual Gifts. Rydalmere, N.S.W.: Printatone Pty Ltd., 1974.

1974
Double, Don. Life in a New Dimension : Teaching on the Practical Outworking of the Gifts of the Holy Spirit. St Austell (32a Fore St., St Austell, Cornwall PL25 5EP): Good News Crusade (Publications), 1974.

1974
Flynn, Leslie B. 19 Gifts of the Spirit : Which Do You Have? Are You Using Them? Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books, 1974.

1974
Hagin, Kenneth E. Concerning Spiritual Gifts. Tulsa, OK: Kenneth E. Hagin Evangelistic Association, 1974.

1974
MacGorman, J. W. The Gifts of the Spirit. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974.

1974
McRae, William J. Symposium, How to Find Your Gifts, 1974. sound recording :.

1974
Neighbour, Ralph Webster. This Gift Is Mine: Spiritual Gifts and How They Build up the Body of Christ. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974.

1974
Seyer, Herman D. The Stewardship of Spiritual Gifts : A Study of First Corinthians, Chapters Twelve, Thirteen, and Fourteen, and the Charismatic Movement. Madison, Wis.: Published for Herman D. Seyer by Fleetwood Art Studios, 1974.

1974
Yohn, Rick. Discover Your Spiritual Gift and Use It. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House, 1974.

1975
Cook, LeRoy Clark. "The Spiritual Gift of the Word of Knowledge." Thesis (Th.M), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1975., 1975.

1975
Dunn, James D. G. Jesus and the Spirit : A Study of the Religious and Charismatic Experience of Jesus and the First Christians as Reflected in the New Testament, New Testament Library. London: S.C.M. Press 1975.

1975
Gangel, Kenneth O. You and Your Spiritual Gifts. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975.

1975
Koch, Kurt E. Charismatic Gifts. Montreal: The Association for Christian Evangelism (Quebec), 1975.

1975
Murphy, Edward F. Spiritual Gifts and the Great Commission. South Pasadena, Calif.: Mandate Press, 1975.

1975
Stedman, Ray C. The Gift within You. Glendale, Calif.: Select Books, 1975.

1976
Carter, Howard. Questions & Answers on Spiritual Gifts. Tulsa, OK: Harrison House, 1976.

1976
Clark, Stephen B. Baptized in the Spirit : And Spiritual Gifts. Pecos, N. M: Dove Publications, 1976.

1976
Emery, Robert A. "A Thesis on Discovering and Using One's Spiritual Gifts." Thesis (M.A.B.S.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1976., 1976.

1976
Forsythe, J. I. 9 Spiritual Gifts Examined and Explained. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Produced by Standard of Truth Publications, 1976.

1976
Gelpi, Donald L. Charism and Sacrament : A Theology of Christian Conversion. New York: Paulist Press, 1976.

1976
Kinghorn, Kenneth C. Gifts of the Spirit. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1976.

1976
McRae, William J. The Dynamics of Spiritual Gifts. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House, 1976.

1976
Yohn, Rick. Beyond Spiritual Gifts. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers, 1976.

1977
Kincheloe, Raymond McFarland. What Is the Difference between Spiritual Gifts and Christian Ministries. Regina, Sask.: Canadian Bible College/Canadian Theological College, 1977.

1977
Stitzinger, James F. Crucial Issues in Understanding Spiritual Gifts, 1977. microform /.

1978
Beesley, Ronald. Of Spiritual Gifts, Galilee Series ; 4. Speldhurst, Eng.: White Lodge Publication, 1978.

1978
Duquoc, Christian, and Casiano Floristâan Samanes. Charisms in the Church. New York Seabury, 1978.

1978
Koenig, John T. Charismata : God's Gifts for God's People. 1st ed, Biblical Perspectives on Current Issues Series. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978.

1978
Malphurs, Aubrey. "The Relationship of Pastors and Teachers in Ephesians 4:11." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1978.

1978
O'Connor, Edward D. Pope Paul and the Spirit : Charisms and Church Renewal in the Teaching of Paul, Vi. Notre Dame, Ind.: Ave Maria Press, 1978.

1978
Thomas, Robert L. Understanding Spiritual Gifts : The Christian's Special Gifts in the Light of I Corinthians 12-14. Chicago: Moody Press, 1978.

1979
Blacker, John, and National Fellowship for Charismatic Renewal. Growing in the Use of Spiritual Gifts. Moonee Ponds, Vic.: National Fellowship for Charismatic Renewal, 1979.

1979
Coulter, Roger Clayton. "The Distinction between the Spiritual Gift of Pastor-Teacher and the Office of Elder in the New Testament." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1979.

1979
Gaffin, Richard B. Perspectives on Pentecost : Studies in New Testament Teaching on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian & Reformed Pub. Co., 1979.

1979
Griffiths, Michael. Grace-Gifts. 1st American ed. Grand Rapids, MI.: Eerdmans, 1979.

1979
Marlowe, W. Creighton. The Gifted Men of Ephesians 4:11, 1979. microform /.

1979
Sheehan, R. J., and Council British Evangelical. The Baptism of the Spirit and Charismatic Gifts : Papers Given at a Study Conference Organised by the British Evangelical Council and Held at Hereward Wake House, Northampton in February 1977. [St Albans] ([21 Woodstock Rd North, St Albans, Herts.]): [British Evangelical Council], 1979.

1979
Wagner, C. Peter. Your Spiritual Gifts Can Help Your Church Grow. Glendale, Calif.: Regal Books, 1979.

1979
Wilser, Joseph Paul, and Theological Research Exchange Network. The Spiritual Gifts as Exercised in the Acts of the Apostles, 1979. microform /.

1979
Yuille, John, and British Evangelical Council. Charismatic Gifts - Today? : Two Papers Given at a Study Conference Organised by the British Evangelical Council and Held at Heweward Wake House, Northampton in February 1978. St Albans ( 21 Woodstock Rd North, St Albans, Herts. ): British Evangelical Council, 1979.

1979
Zivkovich, Mark A., and Theological Research Exchange Network. St. Paul's Teaching on the Spiritual Gifts
(as Found in 1 Corinthians 12-14)
, 1979. microform :.

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Monday, May 7, 2007

Categorizing Spiritual Gifts

There are dozens of methods of categorizing gifts. Most of these methods aren’t attempts to identify objective divisions in the text of scripture, they are likely meant to aid in the learning process. There are, however, a couple of exceptions to this general rule. The first is the miraculous/non-miraculous division. These two categories are fairly straightforward and easy to understand. Believers may differ on which gifts belong in each category, but this is most often a difference of opinion, not a significant source of misunderstanding.

There is one method of categorizing gifts that stands out above the others in being a source of confusion. If you don’t understand this method, much of the spiritual gifts literature won’t make sense. I call it the three-list view of gifts. This is where each of Paul’s major gift lists is defined as an entirely different class of gifts, and each must be approached and understood differently.

Romans 12: Motivational gifts which we possess and which define our personality
I Corinthians 12: Manifestation gifts which cannot be possessed but are only manifested through us by the Holy Spirit for a given time.
Ephesians 4: Office gifts which are only given to selected believers to fill leadership positions in the Church.

The following chart gives a visual break down of the three-list position.

Three List View


With books that have “spiritual gifts” as the main topic, this “three-list” view is a minority position, accounting for perhaps 20% of the literature that I’m aware of in the last several decades. The majority view which rejects the three-list position comes in many varieties, but none attempt to define fundamentally different classes of gifts that exist today. One practical distinction is that gift assessments derived from the three-list perspective only include seven gifts, those listed in Romans 12: 6-8, while other assessments also draw from I Corinthians 12 and Ephesians 4 to create a gift discovery tool.

The three-list view has somehow existed in the literature for decades without drawing much critical analysis. I don’t believe it is commonly understood that this method of categorizing gifts differs from the others in that it defines fundamental categories rather that just useful ones. One recent exception is Spiritual Gifts by Bryan Carraway where he analyzes and rejects the three-list view (which he calls the “motivational view”).

By using “fundamental” categories, I mean that each division includes a completely different class of gifts where different principles and admonitions apply. It is an attempt to say that objective categories exist in the text of scripture, not just useful ones imposed by an author or teacher trying to be helpful. Some popular books will assume this perspective without defending it, as if it were the only way to look at the gift passages. What is even more confusing is that different books within the three-list perspective will focus on different parts of the whole. For example, the following books...

Activating the Gifts of the Holy Spirit by David Ireland
Ministering Through Spiritual Gifts by Charles Stanley

...both come from the three-list perspective, but each of them takes a completely different focus. Stanley’s entire book is focused on the seven gifts in Romans chapter 12 and how we can “discover” and “use” them to serve others. Ireland’s book is focused on the nine gifts of I Corinthians chapter 12 and how we can “move” in any of these gifts for a time if the Spirit chooses. This can be confusing for the general reader. If someone happened to pick up these two books, how would he or she define spiritual gifts—as permanent possessions listed in Romans, or as supernatural manifestations listed in I Corinthians? Should we discover our gifts and use them, or wait (or seek) for the Holy Spirit to activate them through us?

Would our reader be aware that these two books actually share the same overall perspective, specifically that there are three different classes of gifts, and each author just chooses to focus on a different class of the gifts for their book about “spiritual gifts?” Would our reader be aware that this overall perspective is itself a minority position in the Christian community, and that if they decided to read another book on the subject it would likely tell them that all of the gifts can be discovered and used (as Peter Wagner would advocate)? Or on the other hand, that none of the gifts can be possessed (as Richard Gaffin or Charles Hummel would advocate)?

It is important for the student of “spiritual gifts” to know about the three-list position, and to know when they have encountered it, and that there are alternatives. Interested readers can find a more detailed analysis of the topic of “categorizing gifts” in my paper on gifts and personality (where the overall style and focus are much different because my purpose in writing the paper was different.)

Literature from the three-list perspective

Focus on all three gift passages

Many Gifts, One Lord by Harley Schmitt
(Fairfax, VA: Xulon Press, 2002)
This is the only book I’ve found from the three-list perspective that gives appropriate space to all three categories of gifts instead of just picking one to focus on. Schmitt’s book is a good starting point if you want to understand this viewpoint.


The following books focus on either the Romans 12 spiritual gift passage or the I Corinthians 12 passage. Some of them explicitly state that they hold the three-list view (although not by that name). Others do not even mention the other gift passages at all. They are also most likely coming from the same perspective, but not necessarily so. There are a couple of less common variations on the three-list view that could account for a focus on only one gift list. I am including the following book lists for practical purposes. If you do not share the three-list perspective, and would prefer that a resource on “spiritual gifts” cover all of the gifts together, then the following books would not be very useful.

Focus on Romans

Ministering Through Spiritual Gifts by Charles Stanley
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1999).
A 112-page study guide that takes a view that the Romans 12 gifts are present in us from birth, but that the I Corinthians 12 gifts are resident in the Holy Spirit and only manifest through us. The I Corinthians gifts are mentioned but not covered. The Ephesians passage is not mentioned at all.

Discover Your God Given Gifts by Don and Katie Fortune
(Grand Rapids, MI: Chosen Books, 1987)
The Fortunes actually spend some time defending the three-list view. They have a couple of other books from the same perspective, one about your spouse’s gifts and one about your children’s gifts.

Giftedness by Marcia Mitchell
(Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House, 1988)

Focus on I Corinthians

Activating the Gifts of the Holy Spirit by David Ireland
(New Kensington PA: Whitaker House, 1997)
Ireland explicitly defines his view as the three-list view but spends no time defending it.

Spiritual Gifts in the Local Church by David Pytches
(Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1985)

Gifted to Serve by T.L. Lowery
(New Kensington, PA: Whitaker House, 1997)
Lowery actually has a short chapter on the gifts of Ephesians 4, which he calls leadership gifts, and a chapter on the “motivational” gifts of Romans 12. The main focus, however, is the “manifestational” gifts of I Corinthians 12.

The Gifts and Ministries of the Holy Spirit by Lester Sumrall
(Tulsa, OK: Harrison House, 1972)

The Holy Spirit, My Senior Partner by David Yonggi Cho
(Orlando FL: Creation House, 1989)

The Gifts of the Holy Spirit by Harold Horton
(Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 1993)
Originally published in 1934





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Spiritual Gifts and Personality

Is there a relationship between our personality traits, or even personality types, and spiritual gifts? Some discussion, and some research has taken place, but this has mostly occurred underneath the radar for most Christians. The debate really hasn’t taken shape for this question as it has for some other aspects of spiritual gifts such as the nature of prophecy or the role of the miraculous gifts. Most people, unless they have specifically searched for the topic, would not have run across anything but a brief distinction made between “spiritual gifts” and “natural talents.” Enough has been written, though, to compare and contrast some basic positions. I have posted elsewhere about the early research on the subject, and have written extensively about it in a research paper, but in the paper I was defending a position. This will be a chance to take a more (but not completely) objective approach and to clarify some further thinking.

When the publishing of spiritual gifts books reached full steam in the 1970’s, it was standard practice to clarify what spiritual gifts are not. They are not spiritual fruit, not positions, not spiritual disciplines, and not natural talents. Spiritual gifts are for the spiritual realm, and natural talents for the natural realm. But sometimes a writer would look closer at how personality and gifts might be related, and dissertation writers have been the boldest in their speculations. Choi, for example, wrote in 1993 that

If one can identify the specific aspects of individual personality that are correlated with a specific cluster of spiritual gifts, one can establish a personality profile for each of the spiritual gifts clusters. Then it would be possible to explore potential giftedness by exploring personality.[1]

Authors and teachers who take both spiritual gifts and personality into account generally fall into four basic categories.

1. They are often but not always related.
2. Both are important, but not related.
3. We confuse personality and gifts.
4. There is a one-to-one correlation of “personality types” and “spiritual gifts.”


1. Our personality or temperament, is often, but not always related to our gifting.

The following quotes offer a sampling of a very common perception of the overlap between spiritual gifts and personality or natural talent.

• The Spirit may decide to amplify a natural talent and give it a twist that makes it applicable to the advancement of the Kingdom. He may, on the other hand, decide to assign a person a gift that has little or nothing to do with natural talents or abilities.[2] (Zackrison, 1996)

• When God gives a gift He usually doesn’t give us something that is totally unrelated to our personality. The Christian will dedicate his natural talents to the Lord; God may turn some of them into spiritual gifts. At other times He will give us something that will push us beyond what we might expect.[3] (Hohensee and Odell, 1992)

• Temperament preferences often compliment or precede God’s special gifting, although He makes the decisions about that.[4] (Ward, 1988)

• Frequently, though not always, the gifts bestowed accord with natural talents and endowments, but they always transcend them. Spiritual gifts pertain to the spiritual birth of Christians, not their natural birth. They are supernatural, but make use of and increase the natural abilities possessed.[5] (Sanders, 1970)

• Natural talents may be transformed by the Holy Spirit and empowered as spiritual gifts. There does not seem to be a definite pattern when a person’s natural talents are affirmed as spiritual gifts, but that can be the case for some...many times there is no correlation between natural talents and spiritual gifts.[6] (Bugbee, 1995)
One noticeable theme in these quotes is that each author bases his/her view on observation. They sense that there is not a complete disconnect between our basic nature and our design for service in the Body of Christ. Another theme, though, is that each author backs away from saying that gifts are always connected to pre-salvation elements of our nature. Sometimes examples are given, but these aren’t very persuasive.

When these authors cite specific examples of abilities that do not become spiritual gifts they typically refer to the gift of teaching[7], noting that many who do an excellent job as a teacher in the secular world will not have the gift of teaching. The reason teaching is used as an example is because no other gift works well in this illustration. Imagine someone saying they were an exceptionally merciful or encouraging person before salvation, but that this ability just did not transfer to their Christian life, and we immediately recognize that something is wrong. Those abilities should only increase from knowing the Lord.

Conversely, observe someone who is an excellent teacher in science or philosophy, areas equivalent in difficulty to bible doctrine, where the complex must be made understandable, and their teaching ability will almost certainly transfer to their Christian life. The only reason teaching works so well as an example of disconnect is that there are so many different kinds of teaching that we can compare apples and oranges. Teaching children vs. adults takes different skills, as does teaching practical vs. theoretical subjects.

This reasoning, however, can work in two directions. Most authors prefer the distinction discussed above, that an ability equivalent to a spiritual gift may not transfer into a spiritual gift, but it can also be argued that a new ability identified as a spiritual gift had no corollary in the person’s previous natural talents or personality. This would be true if the gifts of tongues, healing, or miracles could be demonstrated, but it would be more difficult to make the case with the other gifts. How do we really know if a gift of mercy, encouragement, faith, or leadership could be detected in someone’s personality before salvation. Someone might claim that he/she has a new ability, while their friends saw the signs of that ability years before. The case for either point of view is highly subjective.


2. Any gift can be combined with any personality style. Both are important but not related.

a.) SHAPE Profile

The SHAPE profile is the most widely known system that incorporates both spiritual gifts and personality types because of its use in Rick Warren’s Saddleback Community Church, and its inclusion in his book, The Purpose Driven Life. SHAPE is an acrostic where each letter stands for one aspect of an individual’s ministry profile. I have seen different personality systems used with the SHAPE profile, so I am not sure which one is the original.

Spiritual gifts
Heart passions
Abilities
Personality
Experiences

b.) PLACE Ministries

Place ministries is an acrostic for

Personality discovery
Learning spiritual gifts
Abilities awareness
Connecting passion with ministry
Experience of life

The personality system used by PLACE is the DISC. The letters are also an acrostic for

Dominance
Influence
Steadiness
Conscientiousness

The PLACE ministries website can be found at placeministries.org where for fees you can access the online assessments, and churches can keep a searchable database of their member’s scores on a variety of inventories.

c.) Network System

While Rick Warren uses the SHAPE profile, Bill Hybels of Willow Creek Community Church uses the Network system which offers an individual “servant profile” based on three elements of our design.
Spiritual Gifts : What you do best
Personal Style : How you best serve
Ministry Passion : Where you best serve
The cofounder and major proponent and teacher of this system is Bruce Bugbee. The personal style used in the Network profile is based on two dimensions of personality. First, how are you energized? We are either task oriented or people oriented. Second, how are you organized? We are either structured or unstructured. This produces four combinations,
1. Task Unstructured
2. Task Structured
3. People Unstructured
4. People Structured
Those familiar with the MBTI will notice the parallels to the thinking-feeling and judging-perceving dimensions. One difference I noticed in the Network Participants Guide, coauthored by Bruce Bugbee and Don Cousins is that the descriptions of the people oriented types mix in some extraverted traits instead of just feeling traits, making the people oriented types more E_FP or E_FJ types depending on the other dimension.

In the Guide we are reminded that “you can have any Spiritual Gift, with any Personal Style, with any Ministry Passion![8]" The Guide also states that your Personal Style is your “personality” or “temperament.” This quote from the 2005 Guide would appear to be a bit of a shift from Bugbee’s 1995 quote in part 1 above. “Natural talents may be transformed by the Holy Spirit and empowered as spiritual gifts.”

d.) Mels Carbonell

Mels Carbonell is a pastor and scholar who uses the same DISC system as PLACE ministries. He is the only teacher or author I have found who combines personality and spiritual gifts and then produces descriptions based on the combinations. For example, with the gift of evangelism there are four descriptions: Evangelism combined with type D, type I, type S, and type C personalities. The descriptions are very insightful and can be found in his book What Makes You Tick, What Ticks You Off: Understanding how your natural personality and supernatural spiritual gifts relate to each other, ministry, and conflict! His website is here.

The relevant aspect of each of these systems for this conversation is that spiritual gifts and personality are evaluated separately. Any gift can combine with any personality style.


3. We confuse personality and gifts.

There is a growing realization that spiritual gift inventories are not looking beyond personality traits in their attempt to identify the gifts. Stone reports, “It is believed that these inventories are contaminated by personality traits which account for the large amounts of error variance. This error may be hiding the distinct gifts.[9]”

Tim Challies expresses the concern that the spiritual gift inventories can be successfully completed by unbelievers. The questions are generic and he believes “bear an uncanny resemblance to the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator[10].” He proposes that we “ask, then, if these tests are truly measuring spiritual gifts or if they are simply examining personality.” Challies does not miss the implication of this, though he dismisses it quickly. “Is it possible that perhaps we are only given spiritual gifts that compliment our personalities so personality and gifts are one and the same? That would be unsatisfying, because I believe God can work through gifts that may contradict our personalities.”


4. There is a one-to-one correlation of spiritual gifts to personality types.

This is not a well-known or popular opinion, but it is defended by me here.

Summary

The last two positions have a common recognition—that there is something amiss in the typical positions. The tremendous amount of correlation (gifts to personality) deserves an explanation. I noticed the parallels between the spiritual gift and the personality type descriptions. Challies points out the parallels between gift assessments and the MBTI. I believe he sees the dilemma with perfect clarity. Either spiritual gifts and personality are the same thing, or our current assessments measure personality instead of gifts. At this point, Challies chooses one option and I choose the other. I don’t know of anyone else on the web (or anywhere else) defending my position (a one-to-one correlation of gifts to personality), but my research is now available to be considered along with the other positions.

When I consider the number of bloggers and other thinkers who are questioning the standard opinions on these matters, albeit offering very different answers, I have to believe that this conversation is just getting started.

References


[1] Soo Dong Choi, “The Correlation of personality factors with spiritual
gifts clusters” PhD Diss., Andrews University, 1993. UMI, Ann Arbor, MI, 21.

[2] James W. Zackrison, Practical Spiritual Gifts. (Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing, 1996), 12-13.

[3] Donald Hohensee and Alan Odell, Your Spiritual Gifts. (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1992), 66.

[4] Ruth M. Ward, Blending Temperaments: Improving Relationships—Yours and Ours. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988), 233.

[5] Sanders, J. Oswald. The Holy Spirit and His Gifts. Revised and enlarged, Contemporary Evangelical Perspectives. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 112.

[6] Bugbee, Bruce. What You Do Best in the Body of Christ: Discover Your Spiritual Gifts, Personal Style, and God-Given Passion. (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1995), 62-63.

[7] Donald Hohensee and Allen Odell, Your Spiritual Gifts (Wheaton, IL: Victor, 1992), 67; John E. Packo, Find and Use Your Spiritual Gifts (Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publications, 1980), 13; William McRae, Dynamics of Spiritual Gifts (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1976), 21.

[8] Bruce Bugbee and Don Cousins, Network Participants Guide, Revised (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2005), 135.

[9] John Kenneth Stone, “Relationship between personality and spiritual gifts” (Ph.D. diss., Andrews University, 1991), 2. More specifically, “Post hoc findings suggest that personality factors accounted for about 50% of the error variance”, iv.

[10] Tim Challies, “Spiritual Gift Assessments and The Bible” Challies.com Blog, 25 January 2005, http://www.challies.com/archives/000754.php (24 October 2005).





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Tuesday, April 3, 2007

Recommended Books

Most of the following books come from a charismatic, or at least a mild charismatic approach, defined primarily by the acceptance of, or openness to, the gifts of tongues, miracles, healing, and revelatory prophecy as modern gifts. This should not be a concern to readers with cessationist leanings. Virtually all of the relevant discussions over spiritual gifts can be approached independently of one’s position on the few miraculous gifts. There are continuationists and cessationists on both sides of probably every issue surrounding the gifts. The current situation, however, is that most of the best writing on spiritual gifts is at least open to the supernatural ones.

Practical Books

Rediscovering our Spiritual Gifts by Charles Bryant
(Nashville, TN: Upper Room Books, 1991)
Bryant really expands the gift list by including 32 current gifts, but his gift descriptions are probably the most insightful of any book available. He seems intuitively aware of the similarity of certain gifts such as knowledge and discernment. Bryant also writes that gifts affect personality, and therefore realizes that we use our gifts even when we are unaware of them. Includes a 160-question gift assessment.

The Spiritual Gifts Handbook by Bruce Black
(Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1995)
One of the best practical books on the subject, but unfortunately out of print. Black takes a conservative approach to the text concluding that the gift lists are not open ended, and that our gifts are permanent and were determined by God before the world began. He does combine helps/service and administration/leadership, and also takes the unusual perspective that the gift of prophecy possibly still exists in the Church in a non-revelational capacity, but that knowledge, wisdom, and discernment, were revelational and therefore passed away along with the miraculous gifts after the Apostolic Age. Includes a 60-question gift assessment.

Spiritual Gifts: Their Purpose and Power by Bryan Carraway
(Enumclaw, WA: Pleasant Word, 2005)
Carraway has written one of the newest books on the subject. His gift descriptions are long and better than most, and he expands the list to 30 current spiritual gifts. One issue that has desperately needed attention is addressed here. I call it the “three-list” view of spiritual gifts, and Carraway calls it the “motivational” view. This is where each of the three spiritual gift passages is divided into a different class of gifts, and only the list in Romans 12 can be classified as abilities that we possess. Carraway analyzes this view and rejects it. Includes a 150-question gift assessment by the author.

Your Spiritual Gifts by Donald Hohensee and Allen Odell
(Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1992)
Written from a Wesleyan perspective. Includes 29 current gifts but the assessment only tests for 24 of them, adding short but insightful gift descriptions. This book covers many issues surrounding the gifts in a brief but thorough and well-balance manner. Includes a 120-quest gift assessment.

Your Spiritual Gifts Can Help Your Church Grow by Peter Wagner
(Glendale, CA: Regal, 1979) and
Discover Your Spiritual Gifts by Peter Wagner
(Ventura, CA: Regal, 2002)
Peter Wagner is the most influential author on the subject of spiritual gifts. His gift definitions and other ideas have been extensively borrowed by other authors. Wagner is strongly charismatic, but he avoids many of the common errors in charismatic thinking to present some of the most insightful writing available on the topic.


Scholarly Books

There are many scholarly books that cover “spiritual gifts” as one of many topics, or as one aspect of a larger theme; but when it comes to volumes devoted entirely to the gifts, there are far more in the practical category than in the scholarly category. A great deal of the academic discussion regarding spiritual gifts takes place in the theological journals. Many people, like myself, don’t have easy access to these, or find them rather expensive to buy. Most of the scholarly books on the subject are reasonably good, and therefore, for the serious student, I would recommend most of what is available.

The Holy Spirit and Spiritual Gifts by Max Turner
(Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1996)
The book is divided into two parts, just like the title. Almost precisely half is devoted the topic of the Holy Spirit in the New Testament, including chapters on the Gift of the Spirit in Acts, Jesus and the Spirit, the Spirit in Paul, and the Spirit in John. The second half, about 180 pages, covers spiritual gifts. The first 70 or so of this section covers prophecy, tongues, and healing. Only about 60 or so pages covers the spiritual gifts as a whole, not just miraculous gifts. Most of the relevant questions regarding gifts are covered here in a thorough manner, including gift terminology, the nature of gifts, permanency of gifts, how many gifts per believer, and the relationship of gifts to fruits, natural abilities, and church offices. This book tends to be a little expensive, even used, but would be worth the price for the serious researcher.

The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today by Wayne Grudem
(Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2000)
This book does focus primarily on the gift of prophecy, but I would recommend it for a couple of reasons. First it is the most important book in the current debate over revelatory prophecy. Grudem’s makes a case for the gift of prophecy that is worth considering. Second, it covers so many of the issues regarding spiritual gifts in general that it makes a significant contribution to the entire field of spiritual gifts, not just the debate over prophecy. Of special interest to the general study of gifts would be his chapter on “Prophecy and Teaching: How Are They Different Gifts?,” the appendix titled “What Are the ‘Word of Knowledge’ and ‘Word of Wisdom’ in I Corinthians 12:8?,” and chapters on “Women and Prophecy” and “Prophecy and Church Government.”

Showing the Spirit: A Theological Exposition of 1 Corinthians 12-14 by D. A. Carson
(Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1987)
Carson’s work is not a general treatise on spiritual gifts. It is what it claims to be, an exposition of I Corinthians 12-14, only rarely touching on the other gift passages. This book is not for light reading, as Carson’s intellectual ability lends to writing that is tightly argued and dense with meaning. It is, though, one of the most important treatments of the longest scriptural passage on the subject of spiritual gifts. The 28-page bibliography is suggestive of his incredible breadth and depth of scholarship.

Understanding Spiritual Gifts: A Verse-by-Verse Study of I Corinthians 12-14 by Robert L. Thomas
(Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999)
Originally published in 1978, the 1999 edition is revised and expanded. Covers the same material as Carson from a decidedly cessationist perspective. Thomas’s cessationism expands to all of the gifts listed in I Corinthians 12: 8-10, assigning the word of wisdom, word of knowledge, discernment, and faith to the extinct category as well. He has one appendix on the definitions of the “18” spiritual gifts, and a lengthy one on “how to discover and use your spiritual gifts(s).”

A Pauline Theology of Charismata by Siegfried Schatzmann
(Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1987)
This book began as a dissertation and is primarily an exegetical study of charisma as a term and a concept (charismata is the plural of charisma). It begins with an extensive study of the term, including its etymology, usage inside and outside of scripture, likely synonyms, and every context in which the term occurs. Schatzmann’s work is thought provoking and well regarded among scholars, but with a generous smattering of Greek script and an unnecessarily difficult writing style, it is not for the casual reader.

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Modern Works: 1950-1969

1950
John of St, Thomas, Dominic Hughes, and Walter Farrell. The Gifts of the Holy Ghost. London ; New York: Sheed and Ward, 1950.

1951
Ketterling, Oliver Raymond, and Theological Research Exchange Network. A New Testament Study of the Gifts of the Holy Spirit with Special Reference to the Wesleyan Doctrine of Entire Sanctification, 1951. microform /.

1953
Barnett, Maurice. The Living Flame : Being a Study of the Gift of the Spirit in the New Testament : With Special Reference to Prophecy, Glossolalia, Montanism and Perfection. London: Epworth Press, 1953.

1955
Davis, Kenneth R. A Study of the Charismatic Phenomena : To the End of the Second Century, 1955.

1955
Urch Walter, Henry. The Place of Spiritual Gifts in Pentecostal Churches, Etc, [Pamphlets for the Times. No. 1.]. London: Elim Publishing Co., 1955.

1956
Cate, B. F. The Nine Gifts of the Spirit Are Not in the Church Today, or, the Answer to the Modern Tongues and Healing Movements. Schaumburg, Ill.: Regular Baptist Press, 1956.

1957
Jones, Donald Robert. "The Pneumatology of First Corinthians." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1957.

1959
Everson, Donald E. A New Testament Study of the Charisma, 1959. microform /.

1959
Malone, Richard N. "The Relationship between the Gifts of the Spirit and the Call of God." Thesis (Th.M), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1959.

1960
Eichholz, Georg. Was Heisst Charismatische Gemeinde? : 1. Korinther 12, Theologische Existenz Heute ; N.F., Nr. 77. Mèunchen: Kaiser, 1960.

1961
Gee, Donald. All with One Accord. Springfield, Mo.: Gospel Pub. House, 1961.

1962
Epp, Theodore H. Spiritual Gifts for Every Believer. Lincoln, Neb.: Back to the Bible Broadcast, 1962.

1963
Christenson, Larry. The Gift of Tongues. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1963.

1963
Gee, Donald. Spiritual Gifts in the Work of the Ministry Today. Springfield, Mo.: Gospel Pub. House, 1963.

1963
Johnson, Harold J. "The Term Charisma in the Pastoral Epistles." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1963.

1964
Hillis, Don W. Where Is the Gift of Healing? Chicago: Moody Press, 1964.

1965
Ritchie, Ronald R. "A Proposed Program for the Development of Spiritual Gifts in the Local Church." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1965., 1965.

1965
Rosser, Ivor. Charismata. Grace Gifts. [Newbridge]: Ivor Rosser, 1965.

1965
Swindler, Orville L. "A Comparison of Spiritual Gifts in Ephesians and the Rest of the New Testament." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1965., 1965.

1966
Gerlicher, John Stanley. An Exegetical Approach to I Corinthians Twelve to Fourteen, 1966. microform /.

1966
Lamm, Donald D. The Evidence and Practice of Spiritual Gifts among Early Friends, 1966. microform /.

1967
Bittlinger, Arnold. Gifts and Graces : A Commentary on 1 Corinthians 12-14. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1967.

1967
Howard, James Grant. "The Doctrine of Permanent Spiritual Gifts." Thesis (Th.D.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1967.

1968
Carter, H. Spiritual Gifts and Their Operation. Springfield, Mo.,: Gospel Pub. House, 1968.

1969
Arthur, Joseph, and Metosalem Quillupras Castillo. The Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Zamboanga City, Philippines: Metosalem Castillo, 1969.

1969
Edson, Frank Fowler. "Spiritual Gifts and the Judgment Seat of Christ." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1969.

1969
Linford, Aaron. A Course of Study on Spiritual Gifts. [London]: the author, 1969.

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Sunday, March 11, 2007

Introduction

The topic of spiritual gifts is a deceptively difficult one to understand. First of all the Biblical material which forms our starting point is fairly complex. There are three spiritual gift passages which each have different terms, different but overlapping lists of gifts, and different perspectives on the subject. The second difficulty is that we carry with us many premises about spiritual gifts which may or may not be correct. Depending on our background, we may believe that the gifts are to be discovered within us, or that we are to operate in the gifts as they flow through us. We may believe there are 7 gifts, 31 gifts, or any number in between. There is probably no aspect of the doctrine of spiritual gifts that is without dispute.

At this point, we have a mountain of published works to turn to for assistance. Some of this literature is excellent, but there is a tremendous amount of duplication as well. The reader will also find that many authors will assume a position on a debatable point without defending that position, and sometimes without mentioning that other options even exist. It could take dozens of books just to understand the various positions.

As the Christian blogosphere takes shape, we find the subject of spiritual gifts very much in flux. As bloggers enter the discussion, several debates, such as the one over the cessation or continuation of the miraculous gifts, have been under way for decades. Other discussions, such as the relationship of spiritual gifts to personality, are just on the horizon, and may be largely hashed out in the Christian blogs.

This “Guide to Spiritual Gifts” will attempt to make navigation through this topic easier. It will be under construction for a while, and I will add to it as often as I can. It will contain a mix of facts and opinion. If your interest is in the gifts of tongues, miracles, or healing, this guide won’t be as useful to you. First, I don’t have much to add on these gifts that hasn’t been said. Second, I consider them to be the least interesting of all the spiritual gifts. I find the “ordinary” gifts such as mercy and encouragement to be far more relevant to our lives, and more fascinating.

Finally, I suspect that the Church has failed in comprehending the gifts because we have not taken the Biblical passages on them literally enough. When we don’t understand a distinction in concepts, we erase the distinction and merge the concepts. If a literal conception of the body analogy used by Paul violates our presuppositions, we dull the force of the analogy by generalizing it into a basic “unity in diversity” message. A literal reading, by contrast, produces an elegant picture of spiritual gifts that is a balance of form and fluidity. One of the greatest pleasures in my research was to find that the scriptural passages on the gifts are far more precise and accurate than any of us would have imagined.

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Catholic View of Spiritual Gifts

For Protestants, the phrase “gifts of the Holy Spirit” is a derivative of the more familiar term “spiritual gifts” and has the same intended meaning. In Catholic usage, the two terms typically refer to different things. As a Wikipedia article on the “Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit" elaborates, the Catholic perspective is based on Isaiah 11: 2-3 and defines the seven “gifts of the Spirit” as supernatural qualities given for sanctification. These seven "gifts of the Spirit," which are generally unkown to Protestants, are

1. Wisdom
2. Understanding
3. Counsel
4. Fortitude
5. Knowledge
6. Piety
7. Fear of the Lord

A reference to “spiritual gifts,” on the other hand, will generally mean the same thing to Catholics as it does for Protestants, which are the gifts listed by Paul. Catholics, however, have their own preferred term for "spiritual gifts" which is “charisms”, or “charism” in the singular. This can be seen on many websites, blogs, and some books such as Charism and Sacrament by Donald Gelpi.

One site gives a summary of the Catholic doctrine of spiritual gifts titled “Spiritual (Charismatic) Gifts and Leadership.” It is taken from the Rule of the Order of the Legion of St. Michael, General Directory, nos. 146-162. The gifts are divided into three categories

1. Sacrificial and Consecrating Gifts
2. Speaking Gifts
3. Ministering Gifts

The gifts listed under the Speaking and Ministering categories would be familiar to Protestants, but the first category contains some gifts which are unique to Catholicism (as far as I can tell). Under the Sacrificial and Consecrating Gifts category are listed the familiar celibacy, martyrdom, and poverty, but this list also includes charity, virtue, obedience, substantial silence, substantial solitude, prayer, and penance/mortification.

The site begins with a distinction that would be unfamiliar to many Protestants. “While recognizing that the spiritual or "charismatic" gifts operate freely in the whole Community, we also recognize that these gifts are given to those who lead the Community in an extraordinary way to help them in their ministry.”

A more progressive perspective can be found at the Catherine of Siena Institute. Here you can sign up for a “called and gifted” workshop, buy “called and gifted” small group materials, and find an FAQ on spiritual gifts, which explains, among other things, the difference between spiritual gifts (charisms) and the gifts of the Holy Spirit.

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Wednesday, March 7, 2007

Spiritual Gift Assessments - Part 2

A second common critique of gift assessments is that we should just find a need in the church and learn our gifts by focusing on others through service instead of trying to figure out ourselves through pencil and paper tests. I would agree with the idea that we should focus on serving one another even if we are completely unaware of our gifts, but do we learn our gifts through serving? Sometimes, but this would not be a consistently accurate method for assessing our giftedness. Which gift, for example, does well working with children. There are at least several, so that the results of working well with children may tell us one possible expression of our gift, but it would not tell us which gift. While there are some positions of service which would tell us with some confidence exactly what our gift is, most types of service would not, at least not consistently.

We should consider that this gift which leads us to work well with children most likely has several other expressions, but unless we learn what the gift is and look at others with the same gift to see what they are skilled at, we are left with only knowing a portion of what we are gifted to do, and we will not know which gift provides the results. Discovering our gift through service may sometimes be effective, but I believe it will often be a very slow process. Why not avail ourselves of spiritual gift inventories, workshops, or other methods which may speed gift discovery and help us focus our service instead of spending months or years "trying out" different avenues of ministry.

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Spiritual Gift Assessments - Part 1

Spiritual gift assessments have been the focus of criticism recently in the blogosphere. While I am not a fan of any particular one, I believe much of the concern is misplaced. In this first part I'll address the position that "We are not told anywhere in scripture to discover our gifts." I have seen this point made in several blogs recently, but it can be traced back much further. In his 1979 work on spiritual gifts, Peter Wagner addresses this position taken by Gene Getz in his work from 1976 Building Up One Another. He quotes Getz as saying "it suddenly dawned on me one day that nowhere in I Corinthians 12, Romans 12, or Ephesians 4 can we find any exhortation for individual Christians to 'look for' or to 'try to discover' their spiritual gift or gifts."[1] Wagner also writes in his footnotes that Getz develops his critique of gift discovery in an earlier work from 1974 entitled Sharpening the Focus of the Church.

While the position "we are not told anywhere in scripture to discover our gifts" may be literally true, I believe that it is difficult to fully implement I Peter 4:10 in our lives without knowing how we are gifted. In the context of having love for one another Peter writes

NKJV As each one has received a gift , minister it to one another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God.

NRSV Like good stewards of the manifold grace of God, serve one another with whatever gift each of you has received.

NASB As each one has received a special gift, employ it in serving one another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God.

Peter could have simply written "serve one another," but instead he adds the admonition that this service should be according to our gifting. We could consider that Peter had two options here. He could have written

1. Serve one another
2. Serve one another according to our gifting

Unless option 2 further clarifies option 1, there is no point in using the longer sentence. So what exactly is clarified in option 2, which Peter chose. Option 2 implies a more directed and focused service than just serving, specifically focused in the area of our gift (charisma). In his expositional commentary on I Peter, Edmond Hiebert writes
“According as (kathos), ‘just as,’ indicates that the service of each one is determined and is to be governed by the nature of the gift received.”[2]

So we do not fulfill I Peter 4:10 just by serving; we fulfill it by serving "according to our gifting," which is difficult to do if we do not know what our "gifting" is. Without this knowledge, some people will naturally seek out more suitable areas of service than others, and most churches facilitate the implementation of some gifts far more than others.

Wagner's response to Getz focused on Romans 12: 1-6 where he notes
what seems to me a clear logical relationship between "having gifts" (see Romans 12:6) and "thinking soberly of oneself" (see Romans 12:3) and doing the "good, and acceptable, and perfect will of God" (see Romans 12:2) ...Many are in fact using their spiritual gifts without being able to articulate what they are doing. Nevertheless, I sincerely believe that such brethren are operating under God's "Plan B." I think that Romans 12:1-6 is clear enough to teach us that God's "Plan A" is for members of the Body of Christ is to be very conscious of the part each one plays in the "whole body fitly joined together" (Eph. 4:16) . "Plan B" is functional. But "Plan A" is probably God's best.[3]


References

[1] Peter C. Wagner, Your Spiritual Gifts Can Help Your Church Grow (Glendale, CA: Regal Books, 1979) 46-47. The reference Wagner supplies is Gene A. Getz, Building Up One Another (Wheaton: Victor Books, 1976) 9.

[2] D. Edmond Hiebert, First Peter: an Expositional Commentary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1984), 259.

[3] Wagner, 47.






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Saturday, March 3, 2007

Modern Works: 1900-1949

1901
Nash, T. A. N., and Catholic Apostolic Church. Spiritual Gifts. S.l.: s.n., 1901.

1916
Wotherspoon, H. J. The Ministry in the Church in Relation to Prophecy and Spiritual Gifts (Charismata). London ; New York: Longmans, Green, 1916.

1918
Warfield, Benjamin Breckinridge. Counterfeit Miracles, Thomas Smyth Lectures, Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur, Ga., 1917-1918. New York,: C. Scribner's Sons, 1918.

1920
Mulford, Prentice. Spiritual Gifts : And Other Essays, Life and Light Books. Lond.,, 1920.

1921
Brett, Jesse. Divine Endowment : Considerations of the Gifts of the Holy Ghost. London ; New York: Longmans Green, 1921.

1921
Pridie, James Robert. The Spiritual Gifts. London,: R. Scott, 1921.

1923
Panton, David Morrison. Irvingism, Tongues, and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit. 2d ed ed, Present-Day Pamphlets ; Iii. London: Thynne and Jarvis, 1923.

1925
Matthews, John. Speaking in Tongues. Kansas City, Mo.: Matthews, 1925.

1929
Haines, Frederick Henry. Spiritual Development: A Book of Counsel on the Attainment of Spiritual Gifts, The Spiritual Wisdom Series ; No. 4, 1929.

1933
Cobham John, Oldcastle. Concerning Spiritual Gifts. Being a Sermon on 'the Group Movement,' Etc. London and Oxford: A. R. Mowbray and Co., 1933.

1933
Hathaway, W. G. Spiritual Gifts in the Church. London: Elim Publishing Co., 1933.

1934
Horton, Harold Lawrence Cuthbert. The Gifts of the Spirit. London: F.J. Lanb, 1934.

1936
Daniells, Arthur G. The Abiding Gift of Prophecy. Mountain View, Calif.: Pacific Press, 1936.

1937
Gardeil, A., and Anselm M. Townsend. The Gifts of the Holy Ghost: In the Dominican Saints, Dominican Library of Spiritual Works. Milwaukee London: Bruce Publishing ; Geo. E.J. Caldwell, 1937.

1940
Munro, John Ker. "The New Testament Spiritual Gifts." Thesis (Th.M.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1940., 1940.

1942
Kelly, Bernard J. The Seven Gifts. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1942.

1946
Haynes, Carlyle Boynton. The Gift of Prophecy : The Teaching of the Bible Regarding the Voice of God among His People from the Beginning of His Work on Earth, and Particularly the Manifestation of His Divine Leadership in Connection with the Closing Message of the Gospel : An Account of the Prophetic Gift, Its Removal Because of Apostasy, and Its Restoration to the Remnant Church. Rev. ed. Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Pub. Association, 1946.

1947
Gee, Donald. Concerning Spiritual Gifts: A Series of Bible Studies. Springfield, Mo.: Gospel Pub. House, 1947.

1947
Graber, John B. "The Temporary Gifts of the Holy Spirit." Thesis (Th.M), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1947.

1947
Sterrett, Thomas Norton. "New Testament Charismata." Thesis (Th.D.), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1947.


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Historical Works: 1850-1899

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the term "spiritual gifts" became commonly used in spiritualist circles to mean various occultic abilities. Several such references were removed from this list in the editing process.

1851
Hippolytus Saint, of Rome. The Tradition of the Apostles Concerning Spiritual Gifts ... Translated from The ... Greek. London, Derby [printed]: Richardson and Son, 1851.

1856
Pratt, Orson, and Christ Jesus. Chapter 1. The True Faith.-(Chapter 2. True Repentance.-Chapter 3. Water Baptism.-Chapter 4. The Holy Spirit.-Chapter 5. Spiritual Gifts.-Chapter 6. Necessity for Miracles.-Chapter 7. Universal Apostasy, Etc.-Chapter 8. Latter Day Kingdom, Etc.), 1856.

1858
White, Ellen Gould Harmon. Spiritual Gifts. Battle Creek, Mich.: Published by James White, 1858.

1862
Cornell, Merritt E. Miraculous Powers : The Scripture Testimony on the Perpetuity of Spiritual Gifts. by M.E. Cornell. Battle Creek, Mich.: Steam Press of the Seventh-day Adventist Pub. Association, 1862.

1863
Lear, Francis B. D. Rector of Bishopstone Salisbury. The Unity and Variety of Spiritual Gifts. A Sermon [on 1 Cor. Xii. 7] Preached ... On ... The Sunday Following the Deaths of H. Drury and A. T. Corfe, 1863.

1866
Campaginator. The Heresy of a Professional One-Man Ministry, and a Claim for the Priesthood of Believers and the Free Exercise of Spiritual Gifts, 1866.

1867
Bush, George, and Ministry Christian. The Christian Ministry, Considered in Relation to the Priesthood of Believers, and the Free Exercise of Spiritual Gifts. [an Abridgment Of "The Origin of Priesthood and Clergy" By George Bush.]. London: Longmans and Co., 1867.

1868
Smith, Uriah. The Visions of Mrs. E. G. White : A Manifestation of Spiritual Gifts According to the Scriptures. Battle Creek, Mich.: Steam Press of the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1868.

1869
Bohm, Charles J. T., and Church Catholic Apostolic. Spiritual Gifts and Ministries : A Word of Exhortation, Warning, and Consolation, for All the Children of God ; [Translated] from the German, Berlin, 1848. Edinburgh: T. Laurie, 1869.

1869
Govett, Robert. The Gifts of the Holy Ghost and Miracle Sic : Essentially Connected with Justification by Faith. London: James Nisbet and Co., 1869.

1869
Govett, Robert. Have We the Gifts of the Spirit? : Two Letters to Indoctus. London: James Nisbet and Co., 1869.

1869
Martin, James, and Baptist Association of Victoria. The Spirit Quenched or, Spiritual Gifts Suppressed by the Church : A Sermon Preached at the Ninth Session of the Baptist Association of Victoria, Held in Melbourne, November 1869. Melbourne: George Robertson, 1869.

1870
Govett, Robert. We Have Not the Spirit's Gifts: Let Us Seek Them! : Another Letter to Indoctus. London: James Nisbet and Co., 1870.

1871
Cardale, John Bate, and Church Catholic Apostolic. The Fourfold Ministry : Delivered in the Assembly of the Seven Churches in London, 7th March, 1871. S.l.: s.n., 1871.

1872
Liddon Henry, Parry. Spiritual Gifts. A Sermon Preached in St. Paul's Cathedral ... August 4th, 1872, (Penny Pulpit. New Series. No. 590.). London: F. Davis, 1872.

1876
Govett, Robert. Are 'the Brethren' Right? : Or, Scripture Testimony Concerning the Spirit and His Gifts. Norwich: Fletcher and Son, 1876.

1877
Brownlie, W. R., and Church Catholic Apostolic. The Gifts of the Spirit and the Ministries of the Lord : The Calling and Ordination of Ministers; the Relation of the Scriptures and the Ministers; the Cherubim as a Symbolic Ministry, Letters To "The Brethren". Glasgow: D. Hobbs and Co., 1877.

1880
Catholic Apostolic, Church. The Decline of the Spirit of Sonship, the Cause of Our Spiritual Weakness : The Revival of the Power of That Relationship, the Sure Ground of Manifestation of All Spiritual Gifts and Grace. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1880.

1881
Paget, Francis Bishop of Oxford, and Robert Marshall Heanley. Concerning Spiritual Gifts. Three Addresses, ... Together with a Sermon, Etc: pp. 64. Parker and Co.: Oxford, 1881.

1883
Erskine, Noel Leo, Russell Kelso Carter, and Thomas Erskine. The Supernatural Gifts of the Spirit. Philadelphia, Pa.: Office of "Words of Faith", 1883. microform.

1884
Glover, Richard. The Gift of Prophecy: An Address Delivered at the Annual Session of the Baptist Union, on Monday, April 28th, 1884. London: Alexander and Shepheard, 1884.

1890
Macleod, Alexander. The Power of Gifts: Sermon Preached in St. George's Presbyterian Church, Liverpool, at the Opening of the Synod of the Presbyterian Church of England, April 28, 1890. [Liverpool]: [s.n.], 1890.

1891
Bond, M. H. Spiritual Gifts and the Seer of Palmyra: A Sequel to Spiritual Gifts and Spirit Manifestations. Providence, R.I.: [E. A. Johnson and Co., 1891.

1895
Godbey, William B. Spiritual Gifts and Graces. Cincinatti, OH: M.W. Knapp, 1895.

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